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Biography Paul Sweezy (Paul Marlor Sweezy,1910.4.10-2004.2.27), unfortunately, was died of heart disease on February 27, 2004, at the age of 93. Wei qi is a 20th century United States most prominent Marxist economists, the inheritance and development of Marxist economic theoryAccomplished. Baoluo·siweiqisiweiqi born in New York in April 1910, he ranked third among the three brothers, father is the Vice President of the National Bank of New York, he later inherited his father a large inheritance. His Bachelor's degree in 1931 from Harvard University in 1937 and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. From 1932 to 1933 he worked in the United KingdomLondon School of economic and political studies, during which time he became a Marxist who, because he recognized that Western mainstream economics does not help to understand major events and social trends of the 20th century. However, to explain the problems of Marxism, in Britain, the United States has ignored and superficial treatment, very few English-language publications in this area. This stirred up the sweet snapTo establish the "serious and genuine North American brand of Marxist" wishes. Published in 1942, of the theory of capitalist development (Theory of Capitalist Development) is the desire to produce the first fruits, the book laid out his status as a Marxist Economist, has endedHis teaching career at Harvard University for many years. During World War II, he served in the strategic service 4 years after World War II, returned to teach at Harvard University, after failed to get tenure, Harvard University in 1946, leaving, except in some universities or research institutions to serve as visiting professor at the outside, absorbed in creating serious, genuine Marxist cause in North America, this is mainly reflected in hisIn 1949 founded the left-wing journal monthly review (Monthly Review), and the editor in Chief of the magazine until it died. For decades, the monthly review magazine, he worked with several like-minded, published a large number of articles and monographs in expose and critique of modern capitalism, among the most famous of the history as of now (1953), The monopoly capital (co-author with baoluo·Balan, 1966), the end of prosperity (with co-author Hali·maigedaofu, 1981), after the revolution of society (1982), the Marxist four stresses (1982). These works had a wide impact, therefore, Japan modern economic society since Quesnay, he was classified as 30 economists. Contribution to the theory of political economy, works that make SB famous Wei Qi after entering the Marxist economics is the first contribution of his works that make SB famous. Paul Sweezy, published in 1942 – the capitalist development of principles of Marxist political economics. In this book, sweet snap of Marxist economics, particularly in the capital,A particularly compelling innovative interpretation. He visited almost all the fundamental issues, from the labor theory of value has been falling. However Diablo 3 gold, this is not to say that this book just a citation of his book--to collect and arrange a quotation. He thought of Marx is a clear expression of the fair, also presented his own thoughts. Through the capitalistOn the development of under, sweet line laid the basis of a lifetime engaged in the study of Marxist political economics and research methods, and shows a high degree of originality. Methodological terms, clear sweet align inherit scientific abstract method of Marx's historical and social issues (change) view. Therefore, follow the 1th of Das Kapital volume of practice as from concrete to abstract stepsAt first, to grasp the essence of capitalism-the accumulation of surplus value production and capitalist impulses, learning the use of Das Kapital, 2nd volume, the more increased from abstract to specific methods, include conscious care earlier in the analysis of certain factors to explain things that exists in reality. Sweezy believes that in this way, you can develop Marxism, markSi no time to analyze or vague to make their own answer to the question. On the theoretical foundation, a really sweet align to Marxist viewpoints to received wisdom, such as labor value theory, theories of surplus value, profit margins decline, accumulation and reserve army of labour theory and set theory, theory of the State, capital accumulation and transitional theories of capitalism, and so on. But at the same time, he alsoKeen debates outside the Marxists in the history and contemporary Western scholars of monopoly capitalism run by various observations. In the book there is considerable space for displays, and contrary to the doctrine of identification and review all relevant and sublimation and comprehensive, with special attention to a person: sure and supplement on bortkevich values into prices of production problems in horsesKern amendment (after this introduction and supplement, this problem was caused by a war of words for more than 20 years), introducing the second international theorists "implementation crisis" and "crash" problems on the controversy, reaffirming Rosa · Luxembourg revisionist theory of class conciliation and "parliamentary road" critique of the theory of Greek Pavilion by view of imperialism ideology and absorption. Sweet lineMarx explained by falling views critical of the economic crisis, and a strong argument. But he's not just criticism, he also developed the thought of Marx's writings about a low consumption leads, although he believed that insufficient spending on the thought of Marx's Das Kapital is not as full proof as the theory of falling. Sweezy in full digConsume enough thought in Marx's excavation works on the basis of combination of Keynes's theory of effective demand, put forward a theory of capital accumulation to consume enough of the causes of the crisis, meaning that the insatiable greed of surplus value, driven capitalist class continue to raise rates and the organic composition of capital accumulation. So, in terms of consumption: on the one hand of the capitalist class consumption lag behindIn the growth of the total surplus value, also added accumulation of wages paid in portion in decline on the other, goods for the production of at least the same volume and percentage growth of production inputs, results have lagged behind growth in output of consumer goods of consumption growth trends, sooner or later will have a drop in prices and production cuts in the economic crisis, stagnation in long-term or production capacity was not fully used;There are factors that offset the lack of consumer, nor did they fundamentally will reverse this trend. The theory of crisis and stagnation, which differs from the basic contradiction of capitalism knew little of the bourgeoisie (Keynes) theory of effective demand or the petty bourgeoisie (West Mongolian) consume enough theory, unlike (Dobb and pulisaier, the misunderstanding of) simple falling profitability crisisOn the, more different from the separation of direct production and consumption Du Gang-Matti baranovski imbalance theory. However, associated with the accumulation of insufficient consumption, inclusive falling profitability factor, also reflects an imbalance, so sweet it seems to align, this theory can be scattered on the crisis looks different Karl Marx's Das Kapital volume from the various statements of the consolidated, And can avoid Marxists hold confusion arising from the word classic. Through the contradictory analysis of the process of capital accumulation, sweet align economic running of monopoly capitalism has made creative and detailed description. He pointed out that the accumulation of monopoly normal partner, because the accumulated increase the size of the production units, and scale is what prompted the competition to set andThe basic motivation of monopoly in turn, monopoly capital surplus value from the smaller block towards larger blocks in the capital, which increases the amount of accumulated to a certain proportion of the surplus value. Price is higher than the equilibrium value, yield less than the equilibrium value of monopoly capital, already has a guarantee high profits, monopoly now increased accumulation rate, falling Diablo 3 power leveling, cartel lessIntended to own one's exclusive domain using its accumulation, new capital investment in industry and would rather be outside or foreign competitive fields, and pay more attention to the use of labour-saving technologies, which exacerbated the trend of falling consumption and deficiencies in the competitive field Diablo 3 CD-KEY, which added to the causes of the crisis and depression. We can see that the sweet snap for monopoly capitalism run, with less than MarxAnd more specific analysis of Lenin. From here, Wei Qi and Lenin in 1916 by the famous proposition "the monopoly stage of imperialism is capitalism" has added new content. For example, he pointed out that protective trade policies, sometimes not self, but the attack, which facilitate their monopoly capital to foreign dumping; capital are few investment opportunities in the country and indeed the people of povertyConditions, but domestic investment opportunities to reduce poverty and people is precisely monopoly capital from foreign investment decision (pursue a higher Profit margin and relieve pressure on the domestic labour market) created by; inherent to its economic and political roots of imperialism, there are also distorted by monopoly capital and the incitement of nationalist consciousness at work. He is a special form of imperialist fascistSemantic analysis, is no doubt the classic writers of Marxism than ever before; the limit definition of imperialism, is quite new. It can be said that Wei Qi's theory of capitalist development, is to "principles of Marxist political economics" sub-themes, it not only is a popular textbook of Marxist political economics in English-speaking countries, is the method of Marxism and radicalThis principle explains monographs of contemporary capitalism run. Some even argue that, even today, this book is for students who want to seriously understand the Marxist ideology is still the best primer. The sweet snap of monopoly capital in Marxist economics is the most important contribution reflected in the monopoly capital, he and co-author baoluo·Balan (Monopoly Capital）。 Paul Sweezy, of the monopoly capital is considered the West after the war one of the most important works of Marxist economics, it represents a contemporary Western Marxist economics in a school-school-formation-of-monopoly capital. Theories set out in this book, especially as elaborated in monopoly capitalism "theory of stagnation" toward the WestRadical economics in academia in particular has had a much more significant impact. Balaam and Sweezy believe their theory is Kalecki (Kalecki) and Temple del (Josef Steindl) continues to develop. They made clear in the book: combining theory and theory of macro-micro-back is the mother of Kalecki, "he's notOnly ' discovered independently (Kane), of the general theory ', and is the first of what he called ' the degree of monopoly ' included in his comprehensive economic models. Continue to embark on a major step forward in the same direction (this is to a large extent under the influence of Kalecki), is yuesefu·sitandeer in the United States of maturity and stagnation of capitalism (1952). AnyPeople familiar with the Kalecki and sitandeer writings are very easy to see, the author of this book of interest in them is very large. If we do not refer to them more frequently, or there is no more direct use of the expression of their theory, the reason for this is, for our purposes, we have found an easier and more suitable to the different approach and presentation. "Balaam andSweet align to a giant company and in the era of big government to seize the spirit of Marxism, it concerns primarily United States focusing--as Marx in his time in the United Kingdom--as the most important and the most advanced capitalist economies. It also in the great depression of the 30 's and 40 's of economic recovery caused by the war as the background. Theoretical approach and expressionWay than Temple del much more concise. In their theory, central areas of economic surplus (or remaining), the whole theory "is organized around a central topic and get a unity of nature: under conditions of monopoly capitalism in the rest of the generation and absorption". The so-called economic surplus, its "shortest definition, it is a social product and the production ofDifference between the cost ". Sweet, and Balaam believes that under conditions of monopoly capitalism exists "residual growth" trend, not "falling" trend. Residual tends to grow is because giant companies with monopoly pricing power, so they can from the United States than in sectors of the economy and the exploitation of less developed countries the rest. For the internal logic of the system of basic questionQuestion is the so-called "excess absorption", that is, who will buy these monopolistic mega companies manufactured goods? Paul Sweezy absorbed by residual growth and remaining challenges, they further reasoning, monopoly capitalism is a paradoxical system. "It is always formed a growing number of remaining, but it does not provide for the absorption of the remainder of the required growing is therefore to makeNeeded by the harmonious functioning of the system of consumption and investment solutions ", so the monopoly capitalism will inevitably there was a trend of stagnation. They emphasize that if there is no offsetting forces the trend of stagnation, monopoly capitalism should collapse on their own for a long time. They pointed to three general types of offsets: enterprise sales efforts, government spending on civilian and military spending. TheyWill big government model of monopoly capitalism and imperialism to the role. In particular that military spending for the purchase of surplus is necessary, so we need to cold war and imperialism, to stop the economy slip into depression again. Here again you can see the sweet snap ties with the Keynesian, and then link out of the historical experiences of the great depression: usDepression is the massive deficit spending to pay for the war. This is a view of military Keynesianism to make it clear. The monthly review, he created Wei Qi's life is the most important cause of the monthly review (Monthly Review) magazine, and as an editor (co-editor) up to 50 years old, it should be said that heMaximum contribution of yumakesi. Paul Sweezy monthly review as a theoretical position, maintained unity and a serious Marxist left-wing, they are always concerned about talking about real world, and not relegated to the Marxist dogmatic or idolatry repeat or just focus on academics become trivial. In the maintenance of politicalRelief for central position of Marxism it also plays a key role. Monthly review, and even formed a so-called "monthly review" the school. The schools of thought in the 20th century, 80 to imperialism and underdevelopment continues to be concerned about. And also known as "school". Just added to the monthly review of school to school advocates moreSpirit of duomakesi. More than half a century, the monthly review, the existence, development, and through the dark McCarthy period (the McCarthy period), the mark of 60 when it was left. After that, still continue to focus our time, attention to study new phenomena and new problems from a Marxist perspective. One more majorMy contribution is still sweet align, who in the latter half of the 20th century, mainly in cooperation with maigedaofu, recorded in the emerging and developing new forms of capitalism, capitalism became increasingly important financial role in the running, it's called "Finance". Should say that the two of them were left in the first noted the phenomenon and theoretical concerns of people. Them to theirHas always been typical of rigorous attitude, proceeding from the basic Marxist theory to study the "financialization" broader connotation, displaying the theoretical character of Marxism. So, someone from the social effects of the monthly review, and assess the contribution of life sweet align to left angle, include the monthly review, as in the life of Wei Qi first contribution is appropriate.Contribution to the theory of Western economics doctorate and teach at Harvard during the Wei Qi has shown a high level of talent, from the most famous economist Schumpeter (Joseph Schumpeter), comprehensive and systematic study of Western mainstream economics. Although their political opinions and positions on different, but still sweet align Xiong BiSpecial esteem, and had a deep friendship with Joseph Schumpeter. Two people have commented on the "how to end the great depression" and "the future of capitalism" debate on such issues, Schumpeter thought Roosevelt means normal innovative entrepreneurs in the process of creative destruction and repression, and sweet snap to absorb both Marxist and reference to Keynes's views that the Government plan andIts necessity, more of the working people need. See their argument, later winner of the Nobel Prize in economics Samuelson (Paul Samuelson) memories when Schumpeter as "brilliant and wise Mage (the Foxy Merlin), sweet align to a" young Knight "(youngSir Galahad), have long been considered sweet align "to include itself among the most promising Economist of his generation". Baoluo·siweiqisiweiqi in an early mainstream economics and has achieved a high level of achievement in research, during the PhD, he on the pricing of oligopoly enterprises have come up with a new explanation, known as "foldedBends the demand curve "(kinked demand curve), the bend refers to the oligopoly demand curve in normal enterprises because of their pricing power to smooth demand curve higher priced outside the range allowed by. In microeconomics and industrial organization economics is one of the very important contribution. This contribution there is a episode, there is aMainstream economics, it is clear on the left and then turned to Marxism: home sweet align with no known, at a party once said: "do you remember this guy Wei Qi? He bends the demand curve theory, how good young economists, but so would have died by now! "Evaluation of simple, start from the theory of capitalist development, longer than a halfA century of academic and research activities, Wei Qi's interest has always been focused on two aspects: analysis of monopoly, the characteristic of modern imperialism and world capitalism economy run, and exploring the transition of capitalism to socialism. Sweezy in his academic studies, always closer to reality, follow the methods and basic ideas of Marxism, and also has its own innovation, andAdhering to and promoting the basic principles of Marxism. That he is in great development of monopoly capitalism of the 20th century, theoretical innovation of theory with practice and very good. It should be said that through his life of hard work, combined with the support of other like-minded individuals, he founded the "serious and genuine North American brand of Marxist" wishes. Paul SweezyOutside, it should be noted that is, United States social environment, especially after the second world war the McCarthy period of 50, for a critique of upholding Marxism, capitalism is as difficult for scholars. But the sweet snap to it as and ideas shows their theoretical firmness of faith and moral courage to scholars. He encountered case of United States Supreme Court on "sweet snap action New HampshireThe State Government, "a sentence later was used as a case of academic freedom and tenure system of judicial authority: in 1951, the New Hampshire Council to pass the Bill, upset comprehensive control activities. Which provides that upset elements must not be employed by the State Government, including public education institution teachers. In 1953, the State legislature decided to investigate upset activities. 1954Years, sweet align two prosecutors summoned to receive questions. His two kinds of problems by failing to answer, one related to their wives, friends and relations of the progressive party, another involving him in class about the content of socialism and Marxism. His argument is, these problems regardless of the thrust, and a violation of the rights protected by the first amendment of the Constitution. Prosecutors asked sweetAlignment to the Court, to answer your question. In court, the sweet crime of alignment which was convicted of contempt of court for refusing to answer, who are imprisoned. Since then, the State Supreme Court supported the Prosecutor's request, request sweet alignment must answer these questions. Last appeal to the Federal Supreme Court on the case. In 1957, the Federal Supreme Court to overturn the State Supreme Court's decision, supported the sweet snap. Justice worldVerdict not only fully affirmed the need for academic freedom, their contents defined (that is, the four freedoms): "freedom in the United States is almost self-evident, the importance of the University. No one should underestimate those of guidance and training for our young people play a key role. Straitjacket imposed by any of our mentor who will be at the University of our countryIn the future. If it does not do so for any one area of education to understand, there can be no new discoveries. Especially in the field of social sciences. In an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust, not prosperity. Must always be free to ask teachers and students, free research, free evaluation, free to to gain new maturity and understanding, otherwise our civilization will be stagnation and even death."Another judge in Frankfurt in the additional comments noted that:" any Government interference in the activities of University knowledge "may endanger the teacher's basic functions. Principal publications of the history as of now (1953) of the end of prosperity (and Hali·maigedaofu (Harry Magdoff) co, 1981) the four MarxistSpeak (1982) – the capitalist development of Marxist political economics principle (1942) Paul Sweezy, of the monopoly capital (co-author with baoluo·Balan, 1966) on the transition to Socialism (1972) of the society after the revolution (1982) the talk (or less on) globalization (1993) On the 100 anniversary of the birth of Mao Zedong's speech (Paul Sweezy, and Hali·maigedaofu) (December 11, 1993) of the Communist Manifesto in contemporary (1998) The other news around this topic :

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